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The Crow and the Pitcher
''The Crow and the Pitcher'' is one of Aesop's Fables, numbered 390 in the Perry Index. It relates ancient observation of corvid behaviour that recent scientific studies have confirmed is goal-directed and indicative of causal knowledge rather than simply being due to instrumental conditioning.
==The fable and its moral==
The fable is made the subject of a poem by the first century CE Greek Poet Bianor,〔''The Greek Anthology'', trans. W.R.Paton, New York 1916, (poem 272, p.145 )〕 was included in the 2nd century fable collection of pseudo-Dositheus and later appears in the 4th–5th-century Latin verse collection by Avianus.〔Avianus 27 ((Latin ), (English )). Retrieved on 2007-07-19.〕 The history of this fable in antiquity and the Middle Ages is tracked in A.E. Wright's ''Hie lert uns der meister: Latin Commentary and the Germany Fable''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title="Hie lert uns der meister" : Latin commentary and the German fable, 1350-1500 )〕
The story concerns a thirsty crow that comes upon a pitcher with water at the bottom, beyond the reach of its beak. After failing to push it over, the bird drops in pebbles one by one until the water rises to the top of the pitcher, allowing it to drink. In his telling, Avianus follows it with a moral that emphasises the virtue of ingenuity: "This fable shows us that thoughtfulness is superior to brute strength." Other tellers of the story stress the crow's persistence. In Francis Barlow's edition the proverb 'Necessity is the mother of invention' is applied to the story〔http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/barlow/39.htm〕 while an early 20th-century retelling quotes the proverb 'Where there's a will, there's a way'.〔J.H.Stickney, ''Aesop’s Fables: a version for young readers'', Boston 1915, (text available online )〕
Artistic use of the fable may go back to Roman times, since one of the mosaics that has survived is thought to have the story of the crow and the pitcher as its subject.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Stock Photos, Royalty-Free Images and Vectors - Shutterstock )〕 Modern equivalents have included English tiles from the 18th〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Crow and the Pitcher )〕 and 19th centuries〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tile )〕 and an American mural by Justin C. Gruelle (1889-1978), created for a Connecticut school.〔There is a photograph of this taken in 1936 in the collection of (Connecticut State Library )〕 These and the illustrations in books of fables had little scope for invention. The greatest diversity is in the type of vessel involved and over the centuries these have varied from a humble clay pot to elaborate Greek pitchers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Flickr - Photo Sharing! )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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